Treatment options for rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder
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Kraepelin was the first who recognized the phenomenon of cycling in bipolar disorder in 1913. The term rapid cycling was proposed by Dunner and Fieve in 1974. Later on, Kramlinger and Post defined ultra-rapid cycling and ultradian cycling in 1996. Frequent rapid mood switches are an inherent characteristic of bipolar disorder, and rapid cycling is included as a course specifier for bipolar diso...
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& Pieve (1974). They arbitrarily defined rapid cycling as four or more mood episodes per year. Rapid cycling in relation to bipolar affective disorder has been defined by the DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)(Box 1). Some patients show cycling frequencies in the order of weeks to days, a phenomenon known as ultra-rapid cycling. Cycling of discrete mood phases of less than...
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BACKGROUND Rapid cycling among patients with bipolar affective disorders is important because of its implications for long-term prognosis and for the use of antidepressants. To our knowledge, no prospective study has, as yet, described the course of this phenomenon beyond 5 years. METHODS From 345 patients with bipolar I or bipolar II disorder followed up for a mean (SD) of 13.7 (6.1) years a...
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تاریخ انتشار 2007